The challenges faced by senior tutors in UK higher education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71179/rc3xnc34Keywords:
Senior Tutor, Pastoral support, Mental Health and Wellbeing, BurnoutAbstract
The senior tutor role has been a feature of personal tutoring models in universities for nearly two decades. The role was first introduced to address rising student support needs and inconsistency in the delivery of personal tutoring. Since this time, there have been dramatic changes in the higher education sector. This study investigates the role and responsibilities of the senior tutor in the context of current challenges in higher education, particularly focusing on the experiences of staff taking on this role. Based on a thematic analysis of interviews with 11 senior tutors, I show that senior tutors provide more direct support, in particular wellbeing support, than is set out in institutional expectations. Moreover, the senior tutor role is highly challenging for academics because of the emotional burden and the high workload associated with it. By providing safeguards and support that are standard in other helping professions, universities can better support academics taking on this vital role.
References
Aafjes-Van Doorn, K., Békés, V., Luo, X., Prout, T. A., & Hoffman, L. (2021). What Do Therapist Defense Mechanisms Have to Do With Their Experience of Professional Self-Doubt and Vicarious Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic? [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647503
Alberts, N. (2024). Undergraduate personal tutoring models at the University of Bristol: Insights from five case studies. https://bit.ly/PT_casestudies
Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., & Hasking, P. (2018). WHO world mental health surveys international college student project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of abnormal psychology, 127(7), 623.
Augustus, J., Goodall, D., & Williams, B. (2023). Does the role of personal academic tutor have an impact on staff wellbeing? Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 28(4), 693-719. https://doi.org/10.1080/13596748.2023.2253656
Banahene, L. (2024). Diverse students need bespoke personal tutoring. https://wonkhe.com/blogs/diverse-students-need-bespoke-personal-tutoring/
Bolton, P. (2024). Higher education student numbers [Research Briefing]. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7857/CBP-7857.pdf
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Brewster, L., Jones, E., Priestley, M., Wilbraham, S. J., Spanner, L., & Hughes, G. (2022). ‘Look after the staff and they would look after the students’ cultures of wellbeing and mental health in the university setting. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 46(4), 548-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2021.1986473
Cameron, C. D., Harris, L. T., & Payne, B. K. (2016). The Emotional Cost of Humanity:Anticipated Exhaustion Motivates Dehumanization of Stigmatized Targets. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(2), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615604453
Claase, R. (2019). Reviewing how we support our students across The University of Edinburgh. Teaching Matters. https://blogs.ed.ac.uk/teaching-matters/reviewing-how-we-support-our-students-across-the-university-of-edinburgh/#:~:text=In%20this%20post%2C%20Ros%20Claase%2C%20Senior%20Design,In%20April%202019%2C%20we%20launched%20a%20project
Clohessy, S., & Ehlers, A. (1999). PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories and coping in ambulance service workers. British journal of clinical psychology, 38(3), 251-265.
Cunningham, M. (2004). Teaching Social Workers about Trauma: Reducing the Risks of Vicarious Traumatization in the Classroom. Journal of Social Work Education, 40(2), 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2004.10778495
Earwaker, J. (1992). Helping and Supporting Students. Rethinking the Issues. ERIC.
Easton, S., & Laar, D. V. (1995). Experiences of lecturers helping distressed students in higher education. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 23(2), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889508253003
Egan, G. (2007). The skilled helper : a problem-management and opportunity-development approach to helping (8th ed.). Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.
Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. Brunner/Mazel. file:///C:/Users/cr19324/Downloads/10.4324_9780203777381_previewpdf.pdf
Greenway, C. (2022). Ask PAT: how the introduction and implementation of an e- portfolio approach transformed the nature of student support and development. In D. Lochtie, A. Stork, & B. W. Walker (Eds.), The Higher Education Personal Tutors and Advisors Companion (Vol. 153, pp. 70-76). Critical Publishing.
Grey, D., Jones, G., Pedlingham, G., & Briggs, S. (2024, 11 October 2024). Developing a community of practice around leadership challenges in personal tutoring. https://wonkhe.com/blogs/developing-a-community-of-practice-around-leadership-challenges-in-personal-tutoring/
Grey, D., & Osborne, C. (2020). Perceptions and principles of personal tutoring. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(3), 285-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877x.2018.1536258
Gulliver, A., Farrer, L., Bennett, K., Ali, K., Hellsing, A., Katruss, N., & Griffiths, K. M. (2018). University staff experiences of students with mental health problems and their perceptions of staff training needs. Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1466042
Gupta, A., Brooks, R., & Abrahams, J. (2023). Higher education students as consumers: a cross-country comparative analysis of students’ views. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2023.2234283
Halstead, E., & Herbert, E. (2024, 8 - 9 April 2024). Risk and protective factors for well-being in personal tutors UKAT annual conference 2024: personal tutoring in the spotlight, University of Greenwich, London. https://www.ukat.ac.uk/events/ukat-annual-conference-2024/schedule/risk-and-protective-factors-for-well-being-in-personal-tutors
Hawkins, P., & McMahon, A. (2020). Supervision in the helping professions. Fifth edition. Open University Press.
Hughes, G., & Bowers-Brown, T. (2021). Student services, personal tutors, and student mental health: A case study. Student Support Services, 1-15.
Hughes, G., Panjawni, M., Tulcidas, P., & Byrom, N. (2018). Student mental health: The role and experiences of academics. https://www.studentminds.org.uk/theroleofanacademic.html
Hughes, G., & Spanner, L. (2024). The University Mental Health Charter. (2nd ed.). https://hub.studentminds.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/UMHC-Framework-Updated_2024.pdf
Hughes, G. J., & Byrom, N. C. (2019). Managing student mental health: The challenges faced by academics on professional healthcare courses. Journal of advanced nursing, 75(7), 1539-1548.
Huyton, J. L. (2009). Significant Personal Disclosure: exploring the support and development needs of HE tutors engaged in the emotion work associated with supporting students. Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education, 0(1). https://doi.org/10.47408/jldhe.v0i1.25
Jayman, M., Glazzard, J., & Rose, A. (2022). Tipping point: The staff wellbeing crisis in higher education [Policy and Practice Reviews]. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.929335
Kastelic, M. (2024, 14 November 2024). University finances are in a perilous state – it’s the result of market competition and debt-based expansion. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/university-finances-are-in-a-perilous-state-its-the-result-of-market-competition-and-debt-based-expansion-234862#:~:text=Marketisation%20began%20with%20the%20introduction,a%20result%20of%20the%20pandemic.
Kevern, J., & Webb, C. (2004). Mature women's experiences of preregistration nurse education. Journal of advanced nursing, 45(3), 297-306. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02890.x
Laws, T. A., & Fiedler, B. A. (2012). Universities' expectations of pastoral care: Trends, stressors, resource gaps and support needs for teaching staff. Nurse Education Today, 32(7), 796-802. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2012.04.024
Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2004). Areas of worklife: A structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout. In P. L. Perrewé & D. C. D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies (pp. 91-134). JAI Press/Elsevier.
Leung, T., Schmidt, F., & Mushquash, C. (2023). A personal history of trauma and experience of secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, and burnout in mental health workers: A systematic literature review. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, 15(S2), S213.
Lewis, J., & Bolton, P. (2023). Student mental health in England: Statistics, policy, and guidance. (8593).
Lochtie, D., McIntosh, E., Stork, A., & Walker, B. (2018). Effective personal tutoring in higher education. Critical Publishing.
Lochtie, D., McIntosh, E., Stork, A., Walker, B. W., Alberts, N., & Raby, A. (2025). Effective Personal Tutoring and Academic Advising in Higher Education (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis.
Luck, C. (2010). Challenges faced by tutors in Higher Education. Psychodynamic Practice, 16(3), 273-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/14753634.2010.489386
Maslach, C. (2017). Finding solutions to the problem of burnout. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 69(2), 143.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2017). Understanding Burnout. In C. L. Cooper & J. C. Quick (Eds.), The Handbook of Stress and Health (pp. 36-56). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811.ch3
McAllister, M., Wynaden, D., Happell, B., Flynn, T., Walters, V., Duggan, R., Byrne, L., Heslop, K., & Gaskin, C. (2014). Staff experiences of providing support to students who are managing mental health challenges: A qualitative study from two Australian universities. Advances in Mental Health, 12(3), 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/18374905.2014.11081897
McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of traumatic stress, 3, 131-149.
McFarlane, K. J. (2016). Tutoring the tutors: Supporting effective personal tutoring. Active Learning in Higher Education, 17(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787415616720
McIntosh, E. (2018, 27 March 2018). The 4 Step Tutorial Pathway – A Model of Early Intervention & Transitional Support (EI) to Facilitate Resilience and Partnership Working in Personal Tutoring. UK Advising and Tutoring (UKAT) Conference, Derby.
McIntosh, E., & Cross, D. (2017). Who sets the agenda on student engagement? Opinions. Journal of Educational Innovation, Partnership and Change, 3(2).
McLafferty, M., Ward, C., Walsh, C. P., O’Neill, S., Bjourson, A. J., McHugh, R., Brown, N., McBride, L., Brady, J., & Murray, E. K. (2023). College Student Mental Health and Wellbeing Prior to and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Education Sciences, 13(11), 1154. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/13/11/1154
Mento, C., Silvestri, M. C., Merlino, P., Nocito, V., Bruno, A., Muscatello, M. R. A., Zoccali, R. A., & Kawai, T. (2020). Secondary traumatization in healthcare professions: a continuum on compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma and burnout. PSYCHOLOGIA, 62(2), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2020-B013
Millmore, A., Cordy, J., Johnson, J., Isherwood, C., White, E., Firmin, L.-M., Bangham, F., & Kennedy, O. (2022). Levelling up: from reactive to proactive – shifting the narrative of academic tutoring from problems to solutions. In D. Lochtie, A. Stork, & B. W. Walker (Eds.), The Higher Education Personal Tutors and Advisors Companion (Vol. 153, pp. 98-106). Critical Publishing.
Morrish, L. (2019). Pressure vessels: The epidemic of poor mental health among higher education staff (20). (HEPI Occasional Paper 20, Issue. https://healthyuniversities.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/HEPI-Pressure-Vessels-Occasional-Paper-20.pdf
Myers, J. (2008). Is personal tutoring sustainable? Comparing the trajectory of the personal tutor with that of the residential warden. Teaching in Higher Education, 13(5), 607-611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510802334988
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A Step-by-Step Process of Thematic Analysis to Develop a Conceptual Model in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069231205789. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
Newcastle University. (n.d.). Roles and Responsibilities. Retrieved 19 February from https://www.ncl.ac.uk/learning-and-teaching/support-and-student-skills/personal-tutoring/roles-and-responsibilities/#:~:text=Senior%20Tutors%20will%20be%20responsible,best%20in%20your%20own%20context.
Office for Students. (2024a, 15 November 2024). 'Bold and transformative action’ needed to address financial sustainability https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/news-blog-and-events/press-and-media/bold-and-transformative-action-needed-to-address-financial-sustainability-ofs/
Office for Students. (2024b). Financial sustainability of higher education providers in England: November 2024 update. https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/publications/financial-sustainability-of-higher-education-providers-in-england-november-2024-update/
Owen, M. (2002). ‘Sometimes You Feel You’re in Niche Time’: The Personal Tutor System, a Case Study. Active Learning in Higher Education, 3(1), 7-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787402003001002
Palm, K. M., Polusny, M. A., & Follette, V. M. (2004). Vicarious traumatization: Potential hazards and interventions for disaster and trauma workers. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 19(1), 73-78.
Payne, H. (2022). Teaching Staff and Student Perceptions of Staff Support for Student Mental Health: A University Case Study. Education Sciences, 12(4), 237. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/12/4/237
Pereira, S., Early, N., Outar, L., Dimitrova, M., Walker, L., Dzikiti, C., & Platt, C. (2020). University Student Mental Health Survey 2020. https://assets.website-files.com/602d05d13b303dec233e5ce3/60305923a557c3641f1a7808_Mental%20Health%20Report%202019%20(2020).pdf
Simpson, R. A., & Boggs, J. G. (1999). An exploratory study of traumatic stress among newspaper journalists. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 1(1), 1-26.
Smith, C., & Ulus, E. (2020). Who cares for academics? We need to talk about emotional well-being including what we avoid and intellectualise through macro-discourses. Organization, 27(6), 840-857. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508419867201
Stephen, D. E., O'Connell, P., & Hall, M. (2008). ‘Going the extra mile’, ‘fire-fighting’, orlaissez-faire? Re-evaluating personal tutoring relationships within mass higher education1. Teaching in Higher Education, 13(4), 449-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510802169749
Stuart, K., Willocks, K., & Browning, R. (2021). Questioning personal tutoring in higher education: an activity theoretical action research study. Educational Action Research, 29(1), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2019.1626753
Thomas, L., & Jones, R. (2017). Student engagement in the context of commuter students. London: The Student Engagement Partnership (TSEP). Available online at: http://www. lizthomasassociates. co. uk/projects/2018/Commuter student engagement. pdf. https://lizthomasassociates.co.uk/projects/2018/Commuter%20student%20engagement.pdf
Thorley, C. (2017). Not By Degrees: Improving student mental health in the UK's Universities, IPPR. http://www.ippr.org/research/publications/not-by-degrees
Tight, M. (2012). Researching higher education. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
UCU. (2022). Workload survey 2021 Data report.
University College London. (2023). Personal Tutor Review. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/teaching-learning/sites/teaching_learning/files/personal_tutoring_review_report_2023.pdf
University of Birmingham. (n.d.). Code of Practice on Personal Academic Tutoring 2022-23. In.
University of Bristol. (2022). Academic Personal Tutoring Policy. In.
University of Exeter. (n.d.). Academic Personal Tutoring: code of good practice. Retrieved 26 February 2024 from https://as.exeter.ac.uk/academic-policy-standards/tqa-manual/lts/personaltutor/
University of Nottingham. (n.d.). Role and responsibilities of Senior Tutors. Retrieved 19 February from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/qualitymanual/personal-tutoring-student-support-and-development/role-and-responsibilities-of-senior-tutors.aspx
University of Warwick. (2017). Personal Tutoring Review 2017 (PTR 2017). https://warwick.ac.uk/services/aro/dar/quality/updates/may2018/ptr_2017_report_.pdf
Urbina-Garcia, A. (2020). What do we know about university academics' mental health? A systematic literature review. Stress and Health, 36(5), 563-585. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2956
UUK. (2017, 24 Feb 2023). #Stepchange: Mental health in higher education. https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/stepchange
UUK. (2024, 13 November 2024). Higher education in numbers. Insights and Analysis. https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/latest/insights-and-analysis/higher-education-numbers#:~:text=Widening%20participation%20*%20In%202021%2C%20a%20record,13.0%%20in%202012%20to%2020.9%%20in%202021.
Van Manen, M. (2023). Phenomenology of practice: Meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. Routledge.
von Keyserlingk, L., Yamaguchi-Pedroza, K., Arum, R., & Eccles, J. S. (2022). Stress of university students before and after campus closure in response to COVID-19. J Community Psychol, 50(1), 285-301. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22561
Vrklevski, L. P., & Franklin, J. (2008). Vicarious trauma: The impact on solicitors of exposure to traumatic material. Traumatology, 14(1), 106-118.
Wakelin, E. (2023). Personal Tutoring in Higher Education: an action research project on how improve personal tutoring for both staff and students. Educational Action Research, 1-16.
Walker, A., Tait-McCutcheon, S. L., & Gilbert, A. (2023). Tutors’ Responses to Student Disclosures: From “Suicidal Ideation” to “Feeling a Little Stressed”. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 20(7). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.7.10
Walker, B. W. (2022). Tackling the personal tutoring conundrum: A qualitative study on the impact of developmental support for tutors. Active Learning in Higher Education, 23(1), 65-77.
Watts, T. E. (2011). Supporting undergraduate nursing students through structured personal tutoring: Some reflections. Nurse Education Today, 31(2), 214-218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.06.005
Westergaard, J. (2016). An introduction to helping skills: counselling, coaching and mentoring.
Wray, S., & Kinman, G. (2022). The psychosocial hazards of academic work: an analysis of trends. Studies in Higher Education, 47(4), 771-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1793934
Zarowski, B., Giokaris, D., & Green, O. (2024). Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on University Students' Mental Health: A Literature Review. Cureus, 16(2), e54032. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.54032
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Waypoint - A Reflective Journal of Student Advising and Development in Tertiary Education

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.